How we model CCS for heavy industry like cement or iron and steel?

Regards,

Catur

CCS can simply be modeled as a lower CO2 emission factor per unit of fossil fuel burned. As far as I am aware most CCS installations are still in an early pre-commercialized phase of development and most are only capturing a fraction of CO2 generated. The fraction actually stored (i.e. not emitted) is lower still.

This IPCC report seems to have a good table with some default values (table 8.1). Fig 8.2 also useful: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/srccs_chapter8-1.pdf

Bear in mind that CCS with biomass (BECCS) could potentially have net negative emission factors.

Hope this helps,

Charlie